ABSTRACT
Purpose@#Three intravesical treatment agents were compared in an interstitial cystitis rat model: chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and combined hyaluronic acid-chondroitin sulfate. @*Methods@#Thirty-five female rats were divided into 5 groups: control (group I), isotonic (group II), chondroitin sulfate (group III), hyaluronic acid (group IV), and hyaluronic acid-chondroitin sulfate (group V). Chemical cystitis was induced in all experimental groups by intravesical instillation of 1 mL of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 15 minutes via the transurethral route. The treatment was administered every other day for 3 sessions 2 days after inducing chemical cystitis. Groups II, III, IV, and V received 1 mL of 0.9% NaCl, 1 mL of 0.2% sodium chondroitin sulfate, 1 mL of low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid, and 1 mL of 2% sodium chondroitin sulfate+1.6% sodium hyaluronic acid, respectively. On day 7, the animals were sacrificed and the bladders were removed for histopathological and immunohistochemical assessments. @*Results@#Significant between-group differences were found in vascular congestion (P=0.006). The grade of submucosal edema in groups II and IV was significantly higher than in group I (P=0.006, P=0.006, respectively). In group I, the grade of granulation tissue was lower than the other 4 groups, but no significant difference was found between the remaining groups (P=0.016). Neutrophil cell infiltration was more intense in groups II and IV than in group I (P=0.006, P=0.006, respectively). Significant differences in the leukocyte and mast cell count were detected between groups II and IV (P<0.001, P<0.001, respectively). Abnormal zonula occludens-1 and uroplakin-III immunoreactivity in group II was higher than in groups I, III, or V (P=0.002, P=0.010, respectively). Interleukin-8 expression was lower in group V than in group II (P=0.001). @*Conclusion@#A single treatment of chondroitin sulfate and combined hyaluronic acid-chondroitin sulfate treatment demonstrated efficacy by suppressing inflammation and achieving improvements in the urothelium.
ABSTRACT
Purpose@#Three intravesical treatment agents were compared in an interstitial cystitis rat model: chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and combined hyaluronic acid-chondroitin sulfate. @*Methods@#Thirty-five female rats were divided into 5 groups: control (group I), isotonic (group II), chondroitin sulfate (group III), hyaluronic acid (group IV), and hyaluronic acid-chondroitin sulfate (group V). Chemical cystitis was induced in all experimental groups by intravesical instillation of 1 mL of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 15 minutes via the transurethral route. The treatment was administered every other day for 3 sessions 2 days after inducing chemical cystitis. Groups II, III, IV, and V received 1 mL of 0.9% NaCl, 1 mL of 0.2% sodium chondroitin sulfate, 1 mL of low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid, and 1 mL of 2% sodium chondroitin sulfate+1.6% sodium hyaluronic acid, respectively. On day 7, the animals were sacrificed and the bladders were removed for histopathological and immunohistochemical assessments. @*Results@#Significant between-group differences were found in vascular congestion (P=0.006). The grade of submucosal edema in groups II and IV was significantly higher than in group I (P=0.006, P=0.006, respectively). In group I, the grade of granulation tissue was lower than the other 4 groups, but no significant difference was found between the remaining groups (P=0.016). Neutrophil cell infiltration was more intense in groups II and IV than in group I (P=0.006, P=0.006, respectively). Significant differences in the leukocyte and mast cell count were detected between groups II and IV (P<0.001, P<0.001, respectively). Abnormal zonula occludens-1 and uroplakin-III immunoreactivity in group II was higher than in groups I, III, or V (P=0.002, P=0.010, respectively). Interleukin-8 expression was lower in group V than in group II (P=0.001). @*Conclusion@#A single treatment of chondroitin sulfate and combined hyaluronic acid-chondroitin sulfate treatment demonstrated efficacy by suppressing inflammation and achieving improvements in the urothelium.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to evaluate the comparative effects of propofol infusion versus sevoflurane for maintenance of anesthesia with respect to hemodynamics, recovery characteristics, nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy. METHODS: Forty American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I-II patients, aged between 22 and 65 years were randomly divided to receive either intravenous anesthesia with propofol (group P) or sevoflurane (group S). Cardiovascular variables, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), bispectral index (BIS) and train-of-four (TOF) values were recorded at intervals throughout the procedure. Time to spontaneous respiration, eye opening, extubation, obey commands, hand squeezing, Aldrete Score > 9 and the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting were recorded. RESULTS: Early recovery times [spontaneous respiration (P = 0.002), eye opening (P = 0.006), extubation (P = 0.013), obey commands (P 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The present study which adjusted sevoflurane concentration and propofol infusion rate according to BIS values revealed that maintenance of anesthesia with sevoflurane is associated with faster recovery than anesthesia with propofol. Propofol resulted in a significantly lower incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Hemodynamic parameters and levels of SpO2 and ETCO2 were comparable between the groups during percutaneous nephrolithotomy.